What are small proteins necessary for the development, function, and survival of neurons called?

Small proteins that are essential for the development, function, and survival of neurons are known as trophic factors. These proteins, often referred to as neurotrophic factors, play a crucial role in promoting neuronal health and growth throughout an individual's development. They help neurons grow, differentiate, and maintain connections with other nerve cells, thus supporting the overall functioning of the nervous system.

Trophic factors are vital during various stages, including embryonic development, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity. They ensure that neurons receive the necessary signals to thrive, adapt to changes, and repair themselves when necessary. This function is critical in preventing neurodegenerative diseases and in the recovery from nervous system injuries.

In contrast, neurotransmitters primarily act as signaling molecules that transmit messages between neurons, cytokines are involved in immune responses and inflammation, and growth hormones influence growth and metabolism throughout the body but are not specifically focused on neuronal health and survival like trophic factors are.