What is referred to as a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength?

The correct choice describes Long-Term Potentiation (LTP) as a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength. LTP is a fundamental mechanism underlying synaptic plasticity, which is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time. This phenomenon is critical for learning and memory, as it allows for the enhancement of synaptic transmission following specific patterns of activity.

During LTP, repeated stimulation of a synapse leads to an increase in the responsiveness of that synapse to future stimulation. This process often involves various molecular signaling pathways, including the activation of glutamate receptors such as NMDA receptors, which play a crucial role in the influx of calcium ions into the postsynaptic neuron. This influx triggers changes that ultimately result in a strengthened synaptic connection, increasing the efficiency and effectiveness of neural communication.

The other choices, while related to neural processes, do not specifically refer to this long-lasting increase in synaptic strength. Neural enhancement generally describes any improvement in neural function, synaptic plasticity encompasses both strengthening and weakening of synapses without specifying the direction of change, and neuronal activation refers to the process of neurons firing and transmitting signals, which does not inherently imply lasting changes in synaptic strength.