What type of cell is characterized by the ability to renew itself through cell division?

Stem cells are unique in that they possess the remarkable ability to self-renew through cell division while maintaining their undifferentiated state. This means that they can proliferate and produce more stem cells for an extended period, making them essential for growth, development, and tissue repair in the body.

Stem cells can also differentiate into various specialized cell types, which is fundamental for regenerative medicine and developing treatments for various diseases. Their ability to both renew themselves and give rise to multiple cell types sets them apart from other cell types like neurons, which typically do not divide and regenerate in the same way, or glial and endothelial cells, which have more specific functions in the nervous system and blood vessels, respectively.

In contrast to stem cells, neurons are generally considered terminally differentiated and do not undergo division after reaching maturity. Glial cells support and protect neurons but also do not have the same renewing capability as stem cells. Endothelial cells line blood vessels and, while they can replicate, do not offer the same extensive renewal and differentiation potential as stem cells.