Which gland in the brain is responsible for producing melatonin?

The pineal gland is responsible for producing melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep-wake cycles and circadian rhythms. This small, pea-shaped gland is located deep in the brain and is sensitive to light exposure. In response to darkness, the pineal gland synthesizes and releases melatonin, signaling to the body that it is time to sleep. This regulation of melatonin is crucial for maintaining healthy sleep patterns and overall biological rhythm.

The pituitary gland, while important for hormonal regulation, does not produce melatonin; instead, it secretes various hormones that control other glands in the endocrine system. The thyroid gland primarily regulates metabolism through the production of thyroid hormones and is not involved in melatonin production. The adrenal gland, which produces hormones involved in stress response and metabolism, also does not produce melatonin. Hence, the pineal gland is specifically recognized for its role in melatonin synthesis.