Which part of the brainstem is responsible for controlling respiration?

The medulla, specifically the medulla oblongata, plays a crucial role in regulating vital autonomic functions, including respiration. It contains the respiratory centers that initiate and control the rhythm of breathing. These centers monitor levels of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the blood and make adjustments to ensure that the body maintains homeostasis. The medulla responds to changes in these levels by signaling muscles involved in breathing to either increase the rate and depth of respiration or reduce them as needed.

While the pons also has a role in respiratory control by modifying the rhythm generated by the medulla, it does not independently initiate respiration. The midbrain is primarily involved with functions such as vision and hearing, and the cerebellum is involved in motor control and coordination but does not play a direct role in controlling respiratory functions. Therefore, the medulla is specifically recognized as the key structure in the brainstem responsible for the regulation of respiration.