Which part of the neuron maintains its resting potential?

The region of the neuron that maintains its resting potential is the membrane. The resting potential is a voltage difference across the neuron’s membrane when the neuron is not actively transmitting signals. This state is primarily established by the uneven distribution of ions, particularly sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+), inside and outside the cell, facilitated by ion channels and pumps, such as the sodium-potassium pump.

The membrane’s selective permeability allows certain ions to move more freely than others, contributing to the negative electrical charge inside the neuron relative to the outside environment. This negative resting potential is crucial for the neuron to be ready for firing an action potential in response to stimuli. Factors such as the presence of various ion channels along the membrane also play a significant role in maintaining this resting potential.

Other parts of the neuron, like the axon, dendrites, and soma, contribute to various functions but are not specifically responsible for maintaining the resting potential itself. The axon is primarily involved in transmitting electrical impulses, dendrites receive signals from other neurons, and the soma, or cell body, integrates incoming signals; however, it is the membrane that is directly responsible for establishing and maintaining that resting state.